Puna: Hanai holoholona haole, Puaa a me ka moa, No.01,2019

Abstract: Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka hoʻohana ʻana oantibiotic i ka hana moa, a me kona mana i ka hana o ka moa, ka hana immune, ka ulu o ka opu, ka maikai o ka hua moa, ke koena o ka laau a me ke ku e ana i ka laau, a me ka nana ana i ka manao noi a me ka kuhikuhi ana i ka ulu ana o na antibiotic i ka oihana moa.

Hua'ōlelo nui: nā lāʻau'alopelo; moa; hana hana; hana immune; koena lāʻau; kūʻē lāʻau

Helu helu helu waena: S831 Code logo palapala: C Helu ʻatikala: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

ʻO nā lāʻau'alopelo a iʻole nā ​​lāʻau antibacterial hiki ke kāohi a pepehi i nā microorganisms bacteria ma kekahi mau manaʻo. i ka makahiki 1990, ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi o nā lāʻau antimicrobial i ka ʻoihana moa ma Kina. I kēia manawa,ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lāʻau'alopelo 20 i hoʻohana nuiʻia, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka moa a me ka paleʻana a me ka hoʻomaluʻana i nā maʻi.

1; Ka hopena o nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka hana ʻana o ka moa

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka melemele, dynamycin, bacidin zinc, amamycin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana, ʻo ke ʻano hana: ke kāohi a pepehi ʻana i ka bacteria ʻōpū o ka moa, keakea i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā maʻi ʻino ʻino, hoʻemi i ka hanana; e hana i ka paia o ka holoholona i lahilahi, e hoʻonui i ka mucosa permeability, e hoʻonui i ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai; kaohi i ka ulu a me ka hana o ka intestinal microbial, e hoemi i ka hoohana ana i ka microbial o na mea ai a me ka ikehu, a e hoonui i ka loaa o na mea ai iloko o na moa; ke keakea i ka intestinal ino bacteria produce harmful metabolites [2]. Anshengying et al i hoohui i na antibiotic e hanai i na moa moa, i hoonui i ko lakou kino kaumaha ma 6.24% i ka pau ana o ka manawa hookolokolo, a hoemi i ka pinepine o ka ma'i pa'i e [3]. Wan Jianmei Ua hoʻohui ʻo et al i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole o Virginamycin a me enricamycin i ka ʻai kumu o nā broilers AA 1-lā kahiko, i hoʻonui nui i ka awelika i kēlā me kēia lā. piʻi paona o nā broilers he 11 a 20 mau lā a me ka awelika o ka hānai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā he 22 a 41 mau lā o nā broilers; ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka flavamycin (5 mg / kg) i hoʻonui nui ʻia i ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā ke kaumaha o 22 a 41 mau lā kahiko broilers.Ni Jiang et al. hoʻohui ʻia he 4 mg / kg lincomycin a me 50 mg / kg zinc; a me 20 mg / kg colistin no 26 d, ka mea i hoʻonui nui i ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia lā [5]. Wang Manhong et al. hoʻohui i ka enlamycin, bacracin zinc a me naceptide no 42, d i loko o 1-lā kahiko AA ʻai moa, i loaʻa i nā hopena hoʻoikaika nui, me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻai, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka lākiō ʻiʻo e [6].

2; ʻO nā hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo i ka hana palekana i nā moa

ʻO ka hana palekana o nā holoholona a me nā moa he mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke kū'ēʻana o ka maʻi a me ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hikiʻana mai o ka maʻi. ʻO kāna hana immunosuppression: pepehi pololei i nā microorganisms intestinal a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana i ko lākou ulu ʻana, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka epithelium intestinal a me ka ʻōpū. lymphoid tissue, pela e hoemi ai i ke kulana hoala o ke kino o ke kino; hoʻopilikia i ka synthesis immunoglobulin; ho'ēmi i ka phagocytosis pūnaewele; a me ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hana mitotic o nā lymphocytes kino [7].Jin Jiushan et al. hoʻohui 0.06%, 0.010% a me 0.15% o chloramphenicol no 2 a 60 mau lā kahiko broilers, i loaʻa ka hopena inhibitory nui ma ka moa dysentery a me ka avian typhoid fever, akā nui inhibited a impaired [8] i loko o nā kino, iwi iwi a me hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun ua hānai ʻia et al i nā broilers 1-lā makahiki he ʻai i loaʻa ka 150 mg / kg goldomycin, a me ke kaumaha o thymus, spleen a me bursa nui hoemi [9] ma 42 la o ka makahiki.Guo Xinhua et al. hoʻohui 150 mg / kg o gilomycin i loko o ka hanai o 1-lā-kahiko AA kane, nui inhibiting i ka ulu ana o nā kino e like me bursa, humoral immune pane, a me ka huli ana o T lymphocytes a me B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al. hānai 4 mg / kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 mg a me 20 mg / kg broilers pakahi, a me ka bursac index a me ka thymus index a me ka spleen index ʻaʻole i loli nui. ʻO ka huna ʻana o IgA i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o nā hui ʻekolu ua emi nui, a ʻo ka nui o ka serum IgM i loko o ka hui zinc bactereracin ua emi nui [5]. Akā naʻe, ʻo Jia Yugang et al. hoʻohui i ka 50 mg / kg o gilomycin i ka ʻai kāne kāne 1 lā e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka immunoglobulin IgG a me IgM i nā moa Tibet, e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka cytokine IL-2, IL-4 a me INF-in serum, a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka. immune hana [11], kū'ē i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe.

3; ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo ma ka'ōpū o ka moa

Aia nā microorganisms like ʻole i loko o ka digestive tract o nā moa maʻamau, e mālama ana i ke koena ikaika ma o ka launa pū ʻana, kahi mea kūpono i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā moa. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa like ʻana ma waena o ka flora bacterial, ka hopena i nā maʻi hou. pepehi i nā microorganisms a pau i loko o nā moa, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻoulu i nā maʻi o ka digestive tract.Tong Jianming et al. ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo 100 mg / kg gilomycin i ka meaʻai kumu o ka moa AA 1-lā kahiko, ʻo ka helu o Lactobacillus a me bifidobacterium i loko o ka rectum i nā lā 7 i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka helu o nā bacteria ʻelua. ma hope o 14 mau lā o ka makahiki; ua emi loa ka helu o Escherichia coli ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana ma 7,14,21 a me 28 mau lā, a me [12] me ka hui hoʻomalu ma hope. Ua hōʻike ka hōʻike o Zhou Yanmin et al i nā lāʻau'alopelo i kāohi nui i ka jejunum, E. coli a me Salmonella, a keakea nui ia Lactobacillus proliferation [13].Ma Yulong et al. hānai ʻia ka ʻai ʻai soybean 1 lā i hoʻohui ʻia me 50 mg / kg aureomycin i nā moa AA no 42 d, e hōʻemi ana i ka helu o Clostridium enterica a me E. coli, akā ʻaʻole i hana nui [14] ma ka huina aerobic bacteria, huina anaerobic bacteria. a me nā helu Lactobacillus. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Wu opan et al i 20 mg / kg Virginiamycin i ka meaʻai moa AA 1 lā, kahi ua ho'ēmi i ka polymorphism o ka'ōpū'ōpū, i ho'ēmi i ka 14-lā-ka-kahiko ileal a me ka cecal bands, a ua hoike mai i ka nui okoa i ka bacteri palapala 'ano like [15]. Xie et al hou cephalosporin i ka ai o 1-lā-kahiko melemele hulu moa. a ua ʻike ʻo ia ka hopena o ka pale ʻana i ka L. lactis i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, akā hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka helu o L. [16] i ka rectum. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Lei Xinjian. 200 mg / kg;;;;;;; bactereracin zinc a me 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin i kēlā me kēia, i hoʻemi nui i ka helu o cechia coli a me Lactobacillus i nā broilers 42 mau lā. ʻino ʻino i loko o ka cecum, akā ua emi pū ka nui o nā microorganisms cecum [18]. He mau hōʻike ʻē aʻe hoʻi ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o 20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka nui o ka bifidobacterium [19] i loko o nā mea cecal o nā broilers 21 mau lā.

4; Ka hopena o nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana moa

ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka moa a me ka hua manu e pili pono ana i ka waiwai o ka meaʻai, a ʻaʻole kūlike ka hopena o nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana moa. o ka ʻiʻo moa, a hoʻonui i ka maʻiʻo o nā ʻakika momona unsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids a me nā ʻakika momona pono e pili ana i ka hou a me ka ʻono, e hōʻike ana he ʻano liʻiliʻi nā lāʻau antibiotic. ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kino o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻiʻo a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻono [20] o ka moa i kahi nui. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Wan Jianmei et al i ka virinamycin a me ka enlamycin i ka ʻai moa AA 1 mau lā, ʻaʻohe hopena koʻikoʻi i ka pepehi ʻana. ka hana a i ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka ʻiʻo, a ua hōʻemi ka flavamycin i ka nalowale o ka [4] i loko o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma moa. ua hoʻonui ʻia e 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, ka nui o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma e 8.76%, a me ka momona o ka ʻōpū e 19.82% [21]. I nā lā 40 i hoʻohui ʻia me 50 mg / kg o gilomycin no 70 d, ka nui o ka ʻiʻo pectoral. ua hoʻonui ʻia e 19.00%, a ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ikaika ʻāʻā o ka pectoral a me ka poho kulu. [22] Ua hānai ʻo Yang Minxin i ka 45 mg / kg o gilomycin i kahi meaʻai kumu 1-lā o nā broilers AA i hōʻemi nui i ka nalowale o ka puʻe o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia [23] me ka T-SOD vitality a me nā pae T-AOC i loko. ʻiʻo wāwae. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o Zou Qiang et al ma ka manawa hānai like i nā ʻano hoʻohua like ʻole i hōʻike i ka waiwai ʻike masticatory o ka umauma moa gushi anti-cage. ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia; akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palupalu a me ka ʻono a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu loiloi sensory [24]. Liu Wenlong et al. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻono, nā aldehydes, nā ʻona a me nā ketones i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā moa manuahi ma mua o nā moa hale. ʻO ka hānau ʻana me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ʻono o [25] i loko o nā hua manu ma mua o nā lāʻau antibiotic.

5; ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo i ke koena o nā hua moa

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻimi kekahi mau ʻoihana i nā makemake ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, a ʻo ka hōʻino ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā koena antibiotic i loko o nā huahana moa. Ua ʻike ʻo Wang Chunyan et al ʻo ke koena tetracycline i ka moa a me nā hua he 4.66 mg / kg a me 7.5 mg / kg i kēlā me kēia, ʻo 33.3% a me 60% ka helu ʻike; ʻo ke koena kiʻekiʻe loa o ka streptomycin i nā hua he 0.7 mg / kg a ʻo ka helu ʻike he 20% [26]. Wang Chunlin et al. hānai ʻia ka meaʻai ikaika nui i hoʻohui ʻia me 50 mg / kg o gilmomycin i ka moa 1 lā. Loaʻa i ka moa ke koena gilomycin i loko o ke ake a me ka puʻupaʻa, me ka nui loa o [27] i loko o ke akepaʻa. Ma hope o 12 d, ʻo ke koena o ka gilmycin i loko o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma ma lalo o 0.10 g / g (ka palena palena palena kiʻekiʻe); a ʻo ke koena i loko o ke akepaʻa a me ka puʻupaʻa he 23 d pakahi;;;;;;;; ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka palena palena palena loa [28] ma hope o 28 d. Ua like ʻo Lin Xiaohua me 173 mau ʻāpana holoholona a me nā ʻiʻo moa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma Guangzhou mai 2006 a 2008, ʻo ka nui o ka helu he 21.96%, a he 0.16 mg / kg. ~9.54 mg / kg [29]. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Yan Xiaofeng i ke koena o nā lāʻau ʻelima tetracycline. i loko o 50 hua manu laʻana, a loaʻa i ka tetracycline a me ka doxycycline i koena [30] i loko o nā huamoa samples.Chen Lin et al. hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa lāʻau, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma, ka ʻiʻo wāwae a me ka ate, amoxicillin a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, amoxicillin a me Doxycycline i nā hua kūʻokoʻa, a ʻoi aku [31] i nā hua kūʻokoʻa.Qiu Jinli et al. hāʻawi 250 mg / L i nā broilers o nā lā like ʻole;;; a me 333 mg/L o 50% hydrochloride soluble pauka hoʻokahi manawa i ka lā no 5 d, ʻo ka hapa nui i loko o ke akepaʻa a me ke koena kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke ake a me ka ʻiʻo ma lalo [32] ma hope o 5 d withdrawal.

6; ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo i ka lāʻau kū'ē i ka moa

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā holoholona a me nā moa e hoʻohua mai i nā maʻi bacteria kūʻē i ka lāʻau, no laila e hoʻololi mālie ka flora microbial pathogenic āpau i ke ʻano o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau i [33]. Ke piʻi nui aʻe nei ka maʻi bacteria i loaʻa i ka moa, ke piʻi aʻe nei nā maʻi kūʻē i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka ākea o ka spectrum kūʻē i ka lāʻau, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka naʻau i nā lāʻau antibiotic, e lawe mai i nā pilikia. i ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi.Liu Jinhua et al. 116 S. aureus strains i kaawale mai kekahi mau mahi moa ma Beijing a me Hebei ua loaa na degere like ole o ke ku e i ka laau, ka nui o ke ku e ana, a he ano mahuahua ka S. aureus ku ole i ka laau i kela makahiki i keia makahiki [34].Zhang Xiuying et al. kaawale 25 Salmonella strains mai kekahi mau mahi moa ma Jiangxi, Liaoning a me Guangdong, ua maʻa wale i kanamycin a me ceftriaxone, a me ka nui kū'ē i ka nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin a me kekahi mau fluoroquinolones ua oi aku mamua o 50%. 35]. Xue Yuan et al. Ua ʻike ʻo 30 E. coli strains i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma Harbin he ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka 18 antibiotics, koʻikoʻi ka nui o ka lāʻau kūʻē, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin a me ciprofloxacin he 100%, a he koʻikoʻi loa [36] i ka amtreonam, amomycin a me polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen. et al. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano streptococcus 10 mai nā ʻāpana moa make, kūʻokoʻa i ka nalidixic acid a me ka lomesloxacin, paʻakikī loa i kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin a me meloxicillin, a loaʻa kekahi kū'ē [37] i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe he nui. He 72 mau ʻano o ka jejuni i nā pae like ʻole o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā quinolones, ʻO nā cephalosporins, nā tetracyclines he kūʻokoʻa kū'ē, penicillin, sulfonamide he kū'ē kū'ē, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa [38]. ʻO ke kahua i hui pūʻia ka coccidium, madurycin, chloropepyridine, halilomycin a me ke kū'ē piha [39].

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka ʻoihana moa ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hana, hoʻemi i ka maʻi, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā lāʻau antibiotic ʻaʻole wale e hoʻopilikia i ka hana immune a me ke kaulike micro ecological intestinal, e hoʻemi i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻono, ma ka ʻO ka manawa hoʻokahi e hoʻopuka i ke kū'ē bacteria a me ke koena o ka lāʻau i loko o kaʻiʻo a me nā hua manu, e pili ana i ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi moa a me ka mālamaʻana i ka meaʻai, e hōʻino i ke olakino o ke kanaka. 2006, ua pāpā ka European Union i nā lāʻau'alopelo i nā holoholona a me ka hānai moa, a me ka mālie a puni ka honua. Ma 2017, ua kāhea ka World Health Organization i ka hoʻopauʻana i nā lāʻau'alopelo e hāpai i ka paleʻana i ka maʻi a me ka ulu maikaʻi o nā holoholona. hana ikaika i ka noiʻi ʻana o nā mea ʻokoʻa antibiotic, hui pū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana hoʻokele a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hānau anti-resistant, a e lilo hoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana. kuhikuhi o ka oihana moa i keia mua aku.

Nānā: (39 ʻatikala, waiho ʻia)