Puna: Hanai holoholona haole, Puaa a me ka moa, No.01,2019

Abstract: Hōʻike kēia pepa i ka hoʻohana ʻana oantibiotic i ka hana moa, a me kona mana i ka hana o ka moa, ka hana immune, ka ulu o ka opu, ka maikai o ka hua moa, ke koena o ka laau a me ke ku e i ka laau, a me ka nana ana i ka manao noi a me ke kuhikuhi ana i ka ulu ana o na antibiotic i ka oihana moa.

Hua'ōlelo nui: antibiotics;moa;hana hana;hana immune;koena lāʻau;kūʻē lāʻau

Helu helu helu waena: S831 Code logo palapala: C Helu ʻatikala: 1001-0769 (2019) 01-0056-03

ʻO nā lāʻau'alopelo a iʻole nā ​​lāʻau antibacterial hiki ke kāohi a pepehi i nā microorganisms bacteria ma kekahi mau manaʻo. i ka makahiki 1990, ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi o nā lāʻau antimicrobial i ka ʻoihana moa ma Kina.I kēia manawa,ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lāʻau'alopelo 20 i hoʻohana nuiʻia, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana nui i ka hoʻouluʻana i ka moa a me ka paleʻana a me ka hoʻomaluʻana i nā maʻi.

1;Ka hopena o nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka hana ʻana o ka moa

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka melemele, dynamycin, bacidin zinc, amamycin, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoikaika i ka ulu ʻana, ʻo ke ʻano hana: ke kāohi a pepehi ʻana i ka bacteria ʻōpū o ka moa, keakea i ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi ʻino, hoʻemi i ka hanana;e hana i ka paia o ka holoholona i lahilahi, e hoʻonui i ka mucosa intestinal permeability, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka absorption o nā meaʻai;pale i ka ulu ʻana o ka microbial intestinal a me ka hana, hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana o ka microbial o nā meaʻai a me ka ikehu, a hoʻonui i ka loaʻa o nā meaʻai i loko o nā moa;'Ai'a i ka intestinal ino bacteria hua 'ino metabolites [2]. Anshengying et al i hoʻohui i nā lāʻau'alopelo e hānai i nā moa moa, i hoʻonui i ko lākou kino kaumaha e 6.24% i ka pau ana o ka manawa hookolokolo, a hoemi i ke alapine o ka maʻi pahū e [3]. Wan Jianmei a et al ua hoʻohui i nā ʻano like ʻole o Virginamycin a me enricamycin i loko o ka ʻai kumu o nā broilers AA 1-lā kahiko, i hoʻonui nui i ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā i ke kaumaha o 11 a 20 mau lā kahiko broilers a me ka awelika o ka hānai ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā o 22 a 41 mau lā kahiko;ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka flavamycin (5 mg / kg) i hoʻonui nui ʻia i ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā ke kaumaha o 22 a 41 mau lā kahiko broilers.Ni Jiang et al.hoʻohui ʻia he 4 mg / kg lincomycin a me 50 mg / kg zinc;a me 20 mg / kg colistin no 26 d, ka mea i hoʻonui nui i ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia lā [5]. Wang Manhong et al.hoʻohui i ka enlamycin, bacracin zinc a me naceptide no 42, d i loko o 1-lā kahiko AA moaʻai, i loaʻa i nā hopena hoʻoikaika nui, me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hānai, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka lākiō ʻiʻo e [6].

2;ʻO nā hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo i ka hana palekana i nā moa

ʻO ka hana palekana o nā holoholona a me nā moa he mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ke kū'ēʻana o ka maʻi a me ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hikiʻana mai o ka maʻi. nā maʻi.ʻO kāna hana immunosuppression: pepehi pololei i nā microorganisms intestinal a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana i ko lākou ulu ʻana, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka epithelium intestinal a me ka ʻiʻo lymphoid intestinal, pēlā e hoʻemi ai i ka mokuʻāina hoʻāla o ka ʻōnaehana pale kino;hoʻopilikia i ka synthesis immunoglobulin;ho'ēmi i ka phagocytosis pūnaewele;a me ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka hana mitotic o nā lymphocytes kino [7].Jin Jiushan et al.hoʻohui 0.06%, 0.010% a me 0.15% o ka chloramphenicol no 2 a 60 mau lā kahiko broilers, i loaʻa i ka hopena inhibitory nui ma ka moa a me ka avian typhoid fever, akā nui inhibited a impaired [8] i loko o nā kino, iwi iwi a me hemocytopoiesis.Zhang Rijun Ua hānai ʻia et al i nā broilers 1-lā i ka ʻai i loaʻa i ka 150 mg / kg goldomycin, a ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ke kaumaha o thymus, spleen a me bursa [9] i nā lā he 42. Guo Xinhua et al.hoʻohui 150 mg / kg o gilomycin i loko o ka hanai o 1-lā-kahiko AA kane, nui inhibiting i ka ulu ana o nā kino e like me bursa, humoral immune pane, a me ka huli ana o T lymphocytes a me B lymphocytes.Ni Jiang et al.hānai 4 mg / kg lincomycin hydrochloride, 50 mg a me 20 mg / kg broilers pakahi, a me ka bursac index a me ka thymus index a me ka spleen index ʻaʻole i loli nui.ʻO ka huna ʻana o IgA i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o nā hui ʻekolu ua emi nui, a ʻo ka nui o ka serum IgM i loko o ka hui zinc bactereracin ua emi nui [5]. Akā naʻe, ʻo Jia Yugang et al.hoʻohui i ka 50 mg / kg o gilomycin i ka ʻai kāne kāne 1 lā e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka immunoglobulin IgG a me IgM i nā moa Tibet, e hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka cytokine IL-2, IL-4 a me INF-in serum, a pēlā e hoʻonui ai i ka. immune hana [11], kū'ē i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe.

3;ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo ma ka'ōpū o ka moa

Aia nā microorganisms like ʻole i loko o ka digestive tract o nā moa maʻamau, e mālama ana i ke koena ikaika ma o ka launa pū ʻana, kahi mea kūpono i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā moa. ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻopaʻa like ʻana ma waena o ka flora bacterial, ka hopena i nā maʻi hou. Ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ke kāohi pono i nā microorganism, hiki i nā lāʻau antibacterial ke kāohi a pepehi i nā microorganism āpau i loko o nā moa, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi digestive a hoʻoulu i nā maʻi digestive tract.Tong Jianming et al.ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo 100 mg / kg gilomycin i ka meaʻai kumu o ka moa AA 1-lā kahiko, ʻo ka helu o Lactobacillus a me bifidobacterium i loko o ka rectum i nā lā 7 i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka helu o nā bacteria ʻelua. ma hope o 14 mau lā;ua emi loa ka helu o Escherichia coli ma mua o ka pūʻulu mana ma 7,14,21 a me 28 mau lā, a me [12] me ka hui hoʻomalu ma hope. Ua hōʻike ka hōʻike o Zhou Yanmin et al i nā lāʻau'alopelo i kāohi nui i ka jejunum, E. coli a me Salmonella, a keakea nui ia Lactobacillus proliferation [13].Ma Yulong et al.hānai ʻia ka ʻai ʻai soybean 1 lā i hoʻohui ʻia me 50 mg / kg aureomycin i nā moa AA no 42 d, e hōʻemi ana i ka helu o Clostridium enterica a me E. coli, akā ʻaʻole i hana nui [14] ma ka huina aerobic bacteria, huina anaerobic bacteria. a me nā helu Lactobacillus.Wu opan et al i hoʻohui i ka 20 mg / kg Virginiamycin i ka ʻai moa AA 1 lā, i hoʻemi i ka polymorphism o ka flora intestinal, ka mea i hoʻemi i ka 14-lā-lā ileal a me ka cecal bands, a hōʻike i kahi ʻokoʻa nui. ma ka palapala 'āina bacterial like [15]. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Xie et al i ka cephalosporin i ka ʻai ʻana o nā moa hulu melemele 1 lā a ʻike ʻo ia i kona hopena inhibitory ma L. lactis i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, akā hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka helu o L. [ 16] i loko o ka rectum.Lei Xinjian hou 200 mg / kg;;;;;;;;bactereracin zinc a me 30 mg / kg Virginiamycin i kēlā me kēia, i hoʻemi nui i ka helu o cechia coli a me Lactobacillus i nā broilers 42 mau lā. bacteria ino i loko o ka cecum, aka, ua emi iho ka nui o ka cecum microorganisms [18]. Aia kekahi mau hoike ku e i ka hoohui ana o 20 mg / kg sulfate antienemy element hiki ke hoonui i ka nui o ka bifidobacterium [19] i ka cecal nā mea i loko o nā broilers 21 mau lā.

4;Ka hopena o nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana moa

ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka moa a me ka hua manu e pili pono ana i ka waiwai o ka meaʻai, a ʻaʻole kūlike ka hopena o nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana moa. o ka ʻiʻo i kālua ʻia, a hoʻonui i ka ʻike o nā ʻakika momona unsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids a me nā mea momona koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hou a me ka ʻono, e hōʻike ana he hopena maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​​​antibiotic i nā waiwai kino o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻiʻo a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻono [20] o moa i kekahi extent.Wan Jianmei et al i hoʻohui i ka virinamycin a me ka enlamycin i loko o ka 1-lā-kahiko AA moaʻai, ka mea, aole i koʻikoʻi hopena ma luna o ka pepehi hana a me ka io maikai, a flavamycin hoemi i ka drip poho o [4] ma ka moa umauma. mai 0.03% gilomycin i 56 mau lā o ka makahiki, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka luku e 0.28%, 2.72%, 8.76%, ka nui o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma e 8.76%, a me ka momona o ka ʻōpū e 19.82% [21]. me 50 mg / kg o gilomycin no 70 d, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka ʻiʻo pectoral e 19.00%, a ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka ikaika o ka pectoral shear and drip loss e [22]. Ua hānai ʻo Yang Minxin i 45 mg / kg o gilomycin i kahi lā 1. -ʻO ka meaʻai kahiko o nā broilers AA ua hoʻemi nui i ka nalowale o ka puʻuwai o ka umauma a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia [23] me ka ikaika T-SOD a me nā pae T-AOC i ka ʻiʻo wāwae. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o Zou Qiang et al ma ka manawa hānai like ʻole i ka hoʻohua like ʻole. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā modes ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka waiwai ʻike masticatory o ka umauma moa gushi anti-cage;akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palupalu a me ka ʻono a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu loiloi sensory [24]. Liu Wenlong et al.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻono like ʻole, nā aldehydes, nā ʻona a me nā ketones i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā moa manuahi ma mua o nā moa hale.ʻO ka hānau ʻana me ka hoʻohui ʻole ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka ʻono o [25] i loko o nā hua manu ma mua o nā lāʻau antibiotic.

5;ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo i ke koena o nā hua moa

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻimi kekahi mau ʻoihana i nā makemake ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, a ʻo ka hōʻino ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā koena antibiotic i loko o nā huahana moa. Ua ʻike ʻo Wang Chunyan et al ʻo ke koena tetracycline i ka moa a me nā hua he 4.66 mg / kg a me 7.5 mg / kg i kēlā me kēia, ʻo 33.3% a me 60% ka helu ʻike;ʻo ke koena kiʻekiʻe loa o ka streptomycin i nā hua he 0.7 mg / kg a ʻo ka helu ʻike he 20% [26]. Wang Chunlin et al.hānai ʻia ka meaʻai ikaika nui i hoʻohui ʻia me 50 mg / kg o gilmomycin i ka moa 1 lā.Loaʻa i ka moa ke koena gilomycin i loko o ke ake a me ka puʻupaʻa, me ka nui loa o [27] i loko o ke akepaʻa. Ma hope o 12 d, ʻo ke koena o ka gilmycin i loko o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma ma lalo o 0.10 g / g (ka palena palena palena kiʻekiʻe);a ʻo ke koena i loko o ke akepaʻa a me ka puʻupaʻa he 23 d pakahi;;;;;;;;ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka palena palena palena loa [28] ma hope o 28 d. Ua like ʻo Lin Xiaohua me 173 mau ʻāpana holoholona a me nā ʻiʻo moa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma Guangzhou mai 2006 a 2008, ʻo ka nui o ka helu he 21.96%, a he 0.16 mg / kg. ~9.54 mg / kg [29]. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Yan Xiaofeng i nā koena o ʻelima mau lāʻau antibiotic tetracycline i 50 mau hua manu, a ʻike ʻia he koena o ka tetracycline a me ka doxycycline [30] i nā samples huamoa. Chen Lin et al.hōʻike i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa lāʻau, ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka ʻiʻo o ka umauma, ka ʻiʻo wāwae a me ka ate, amoxicillin a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, amoxicillin a me Doxycycline i nā hua kūʻokoʻa, a ʻoi aku [31] i nā hua kūʻokoʻa.Qiu Jinli et al.hāʻawi i 250 mg / L i nā broilers o nā lā like ʻole;;;a me 333 mg/L o 50% hydrochloride soluble pauka hoʻokahi manawa i ka lā no 5 d, ka nui loa i loko o ke akepaʻa a me ke koena kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o ke ake a me ka ʻiʻo ma lalo [32] ma hope o 5 d withdrawal.

6;ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau'alopelo i ka lāʻau kū'ē i ka moa

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā holoholona a me nā moa e hoʻohua mai i nā maʻi bacteria kūʻē i ka lāʻau, no laila e hoʻololi mālie ka flora microbial pathogenic āpau i ke ʻano o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau i [33]. ʻO ka hua bacteria i loaʻa i ka moa ke piʻi aʻe aʻoi aku ka nui o ke koʻikoʻi, ke piʻi nei nā maʻi kū'ē i ka lāʻau, ke piʻi nui aʻe ka laulā o ka lāʻau kū'ē i ka lāʻau, a ua emi ka noʻonoʻo i nā lāʻau'alopelo, e lawe mai ana i nā pilikia i ka paleʻana a me ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi.Liu Jinhua et al.116 S. aureus strains i kaawale mai kekahi mau mahi moa ma Beijing a me Hebei ua loaa na degere like ole o ke ku e i ka laau, ka nui o ke ku e ana, a he ano mahuahua ka S. aureus ku ole i ka laau i kela makahiki i keia makahiki [34].Zhang Xiuying et al.kaawale 25 Salmonella strains mai kekahi mau mahiʻai moa ma Jiangxi, Liaoning a me Guangdong, ua maʻa wale i kanamycin a me ceftriaxone, a me ke kū'ē ana i ka nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfa, cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin, ampicillin a me kekahi mau fluoroquinolones ua oi aku mamua o 50%. 35]. Xue Yuan et al.Ua ʻike ʻo 30 E. coli strains i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma Harbin he ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi i ka 18 antibiotics, koʻikoʻi ka nui o ka lāʻau kū'ē, amoxicillin / potassium clavulanate, ampicillin a me ciprofloxacin he 100%, a he koʻikoʻi loa [36] i ka amtreonam, amomycin a me polymyxin B.Wang Qiwen. et al.Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano streptococcus 10 mai nā ʻāpana moa make, kūʻokoʻa loa i ka nalidixic acid a me ka lomesloxacin, paʻakikī loa i kanamycin, polymyxin, lecloxacin, novovomycin, vancomycin a me meloxicillin, a loaʻa kekahi kū'ē [37] i nā lāʻau ʻē aʻe he nui. ʻO 72 strains o jejuni he mauʻokoʻa likeʻole o ke kū'ēʻana i nā quinolones, cephalosporins, tetracyclines he mea kū'ē nui loa, penicillin, sulfonamide he mea kūʻokoʻa, macrolide, aminoglycosides, lincoamides he haʻahaʻa kū'ē [38]. ʻO ke kahua i hui pūʻia ka coccidium, madurycin, chloropepyridine, halilomycin a me ka piha. kū'ē [39].

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic i ka ʻoihana moa ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hana, hoʻemi i ka maʻi, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o nā lāʻau antibiotic ʻaʻole wale e hoʻopilikia i ka hana immune a me ke kaulike micro ecological intestinal, e hoʻemi i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻiʻo a me ka ʻono, ma ka ʻO ka manawa hoʻokahi e hoʻopuka i ke kūpaʻa bacteria a me ke koena o ka lāʻau i loko o ka ʻiʻo a me nā hua manu, pili i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi moa a me ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, hōʻino i ke olakino o ke kanaka. i ka hānai holoholona a me ka moa, a me ka lohi a puni ka honua. I ka makahiki 2017, ua kāhea ka World Health Organization i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic e hāpai i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi a me ka ulu olakino i nā holoholona. nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hui pū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana hoʻokele a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka anti-resistant breeding, a e lilo nō hoʻi i alakaʻi hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana moa i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Nānā: (39 ʻatikala, waiho ʻia)